Reviewed 2 September 2026

Reference List vs Bibliography: What Is the Difference?

Understand whether your assignment needs a reference list, bibliography or both—and what each should contain.

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Start with the principle

What you need to know

A reference list usually contains sources cited in the work. A bibliography may also include relevant background reading that was consulted but not directly cited. Institutional definitions can vary.

A practical method

Check it step by step

  1. 01

    Read the assessment instructions

    Look for the exact term used by your lecturer, programme or publisher.

  2. 02

    Check the required style

    APA normally uses References; MLA uses Works Cited; other systems and courses may request a bibliography.

  3. 03

    Separate lists only when required

    Do not create extra sections unless your instructions distinguish cited and consulted sources.

  4. 04

    Apply one consistent style

    Format all entries according to the specified guide.

Apply the guidance

Examples

Reference list

Contains the complete details of sources cited in the document.

Bibliography

May include cited sources plus other relevant works consulted during research.

Before submission

Final checklist

  • Assessment wording checked
  • Required citation style confirmed
  • Cited sources are complete
  • Background sources are placed correctly
  • Heading matches institutional guidance

Course, university and publisher requirements vary. Confirm final punctuation, capitalisation and presentation against the guide you have been instructed to use.

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