Academic writing help

Citation and reference guides

Clear explanations, examples and final checks for students, researchers and lecturers.

How to Find Citations Missing from the Reference List

Find in-text citations that have no matching reference entry and correct them before submitting an assignment, article or thesis.

Identify sources listed in your references or bibliography that are never cited in the document.

Learn the usual APA 7 order for webpages, organisation authors, dates, page titles and URLs.

Build and check APA 7 journal article references with authors, year, article title, journal, volume, issue, pages and DOI.

Understand common Harvard author–date citations for paraphrases, quotations, multiple authors and organisation authors.

Check IEEE bracketed citation numbers, repeated sources and reference-list order for engineering and computing work.

Understand whether your assignment needs a reference list, bibliography or both—and what each should contain.

Use a structured final review to check citations, references, source details, links and style consistency across a thesis.

Detect repeated reference entries caused by imports, spelling variations, DOI formats or reference-manager merges.

Check that a DOI resolves correctly and that the returned publication metadata matches the source you intend to cite.